Measurement errors play an important role in the development of goniometric equipment, devices used to measure range of motion. Reasonable validity and reliability are critical for both the device and ...

Eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria were (1) overhead athletes from Olympic or college sports, (2) preseason measures of shoulder ROM, (3) tracked in-season injuries at the shoulder and elbow, and ...

Martial arts have been known for thousands of years. The term martial arts comes from the ‘art of Mars’ - the Roman god of war. Martial arts are ancient forms of combat, modified for modern sports and ...