Most secretory proteins contain amino-terminal or internal signal peptides that direct their sorting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From the ER, proteins are transported to the extracellular space ...

Cells have sophisticated methods of sensing stimuli and communicating with nearby cells in response to these stimuli. For example, macrophages can sense environmental stimuli—tissue damage, foreign ...

Intracellular protein trafficking and secretion of proteins into the extracellular environment are sequential and tightly regulated processes in eukaryotic cells. Conventionally, proteins that are ...