Two distinguishing features of long-standing RA are “swan neck” deformities and boutonniere deformities of the fingers (Figure 1). 3 Swan neck deformities develop with hyperextension of the PIP joint ...

RA-ILD significantly increases mortality, with a median survival of less than 3 years post-diagnosis. Key risk factors include male gender, older age, smoking, pulmonary comorbidities, rheumatoid ...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a condition in which the body's own immune system attacks the joints. This causes swollen, stiff, and painful (inflamed) joints, especially in the hands and feet. Over ...

Excisional biopsy is diagnostic but not therapeutic, and recurrence after biopsy has been reported in up to 75% of children. Complications of excisional biopsy for diagnosis include scar formation and ...