The dispute over the leadership of the central bank last August and the associated disruption in oil production weighed on growth in 2024. Output is estimated to have contracted, driven by the forced ...

In recent years, Albania has experienced a sustained appreciation of the domestic currency. This raises the questions of what factors are driving this appreciation and how to calibrate appropriate ...

Over the past decade, the Albanian banking sector has undergone a remarkable transformation amid strong macroeconomic performance and sound financial reforms. Nevertheless, pockets of vulnerability ...

Destination substitution, whereby stricter policies in the intended destination divert people to other places or leave them stranded in transit. Categorical substitution, whereby tighter policies for ...

Public approval is crucial for carrying out difficult reforms that can help countries lower debt and increase growth ...

许多国家都在艰难地应对经济增长缓慢、债务水平高企的局面，需要采取大胆的财政行动来恢复其财政状况。两个可能实现节约的重要领域是能源补贴和养老金制度。然而，这两个领域的改革可能不受公众欢迎。

L’adhésion de la population est essentielle pour mener à bien des réformes complexes qui peuvent aider les pays à réduire leur dette et à accélérer la croissance ...

تعاني بلدان كثيرة من تدني النمو الاقتصادي وارتفاع الدين، وستحتاج إلى تدابير مالية جريئة لاستعادة مواردها العامة. وتمثل إعانات دعم الطاقة ونظم معاشات التقاعد مجالين أساسيين لتحقيق وفورات محتملة، ولكن ...

Contar con el apoyo de la opinión pública es fundamental para llevar a cabo reformas difíciles que pueden ayudar a los países a reducir su deuda y acelerar su crecimiento ...