America’s biggest trading partners have tried tactics ranging from appeasement to retaliation to avoid higher tariffs. All find themselves faced with similar threats from Washington.

President Donald Trump on Saturday threatened duties of 30% on products from Mexico and the European Union, two of America’s biggest trading partners, in an ongoing tariff campaign that’s upended global trade since he retook office in January.

Leaders from both economies had been trying to negotiate more favorable terms, only to have those efforts blown up by form letters.

US President Donald Trump has announced that all imports from Canada will have a 35% tariff as of August 1. He sent a letter to the country’s president, Mark Carney, informing him of the new rate, which has also been posted on his Truth Social account.

Trump threatened to escalate tariffs beyond 35% if Canada opts to retaliate with tariffs on U.S. goods. Canadian goods are also subject to sector-specific tariffs, such as 50% levies on steel and aluminum as well as 25% tariffs on non-USMCA compliant autos and auto parts.