Crib retaining walls are a form of gravity wall. They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from timber or pre-cast concrete. Then, the boxes are filled with crushed stone or other ...

Curtain walls are the first structural element that subjected to wind loads. There are cases in which wind loads controls the structural design of curtain walls that may include bluff body ...

What is a Surge Tank? A surge tank is a water storage device used as a pressure neutralizer in a hydropower water conveyance system to resists excess pressure rise and pressure drop conditions. The ...

Structural glass skeletons represent a groundbreaking advancement in architectural engineering, transforming glass from a purely aesthetic feature into a primary load-bearing material. These systems ...

Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mold for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork construction depends on ...

In an era when sustainability has become an important benchmark for forward-thinking buildings, it's inspiring to see how far architecture and design have come in the pursuit of creating a more ...

There are different types of windows used in building construction to provide ventilation, and view. The selection of windows depends on many criteria. A window is a vented barrier provided in a wall ...

Epoxy is a paint, plastic, adhesive, or thermoset plastic material made by mixing two or more industrial chemical compounds to provide a high degree of resistance against wear and tear. It provides ...

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To construct a foundation, trenches are dig deeper into the soil till a hard stratum is reached. To get stronger base foundation concrete is poured into this trench. These trenches are incorporated ...

Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper than all types of roads. This type of road is provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside areas. A good drainage system should be provided, which ...

There are types of soil that undergo considerable swelling as moisture content is increased and experience shrinking when it is lose the water. This variation in soil volume leads to the development ...